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The study examines the residential facades of the Al-Jadida neighborhood, focusing on the use of geometry and proportion in Aleppo's architectural history during the late Ottoman era. The analysis sheds light on the city's past and provides insights into the way residents utilized space and interacted with their surroundings.

The study involves collecting primary and secondary sources, including historical documents, photographs, and drawings. Visual analysis is employed to examine the facades overlooking the courtyard, with a focus on windows, doors, balconies, and other distinctive features that contribute to the overall courtyard design.

The findings reveal that traditional Aleppine architecture is centered around the courtyard and incorporates decorative openings and windows reflecting Islamic principles. Stone decorations are used with unique designs based on geometry and composition, contributing to Aleppo's cultural identity.

Including more samples for studying facades allows for the identification of changes in architectural styles and the influence of different cultural influences on the city's architecture over time. Moreover, conducting further studies is crucial for preserving this important part of Aleppo's history for future generations.

This research analyzes architectural facades in late Ottoman Aleppo, offering insights for future studies and understanding architectural design development. It also informs preservation efforts for historic buildings, enhancing understanding of architectural features and characteristics.

The general concept of public space in Saudi Arabia is relatively recent; it is the result of an attempt to modernize several conservative traditions and norms, as well as the ambitious vision of 2030, which reprioritized Saudi cities' public spaces by implementing a quality-of-life improvement program. This study aims to investigate the relationship between mosque location and surrounding urban context as a significant urban design issue in order to comprehend the potential for transforming such an element into a multifunctional public space destination in a dense urban fabric.

The study's objectives are divided into two areas: a spatial configuration analysis to examine the urban context and an urban analysis of the mosque site with a study area boundary of a 400-m buffer zone. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were utilized; in addition, a user feedback survey was conducted in which several key insights were compiled, such as the importance of safety urban element factors, aesthetic elements and green areas in the built environment in making mosques places that are active public spaces.

The study’s main finding encourages governmental institutions to change their mindset from “open space around the mosque” to “the mosque as an element within public space,” which will have a significant impact on how the authors approach, improve and redevelop existing mosque locations. Several concepts were presented that should be reconsidered and redeveloped in order to align with the most recent sustainable urban design tools; the mosque to be overlooked as a community gathering place rather than just a place for religious rituals.

This study is limited to sacred mosque sites primarily found in Islamic countries; it focuses on Saudi Arabian urban and planning practices in relation to sociocultural norms. The authors believe that increasing the number of study samples or broadening the scope of the study to include other Saudi regions or other Middle Eastern countries could yield new findings and insights.

The study offers a conceptual design model based on survey results and qualitative analysis and recommending strategies that planners, designers and policymakers can use to design successful mosque places and pedestrian-oriented developments.